Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Volume 65, Issue 4 , Pages 392-403 , December 2009

Linezolid surveillance program results for 2008 (LEADER Program for 2008)

  • David J. Farrell

      Affiliations

    • JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA 52317, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1-319-665-3370; fax: +1-319-655-3371.
    • ,
  • Rodrigo E. Mendes

      Affiliations

    • JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA 52317, USA
    • ,
  • James E. Ross

      Affiliations

    • JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA 52317, USA
    • ,
  • Ronald N. Jones

      Affiliations

    • JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA 52317, USA
    • Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA

Received 20 September 2009 ,Accepted 20 October 2009.

References 

  1. Adembri C, Fallani S, Cassetta MI, Arrigucci S, Ottaviano A, Pecile P, et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile in critically ill septic patients: intermittent versus continuous infusion. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2008;31:122–129
  2. Arias CA, Vallejo M, Reyes J, Panesso D, Moreno J, Castaneda E, et al. Clinical and microbiological aspects of linezolid resistance mediated by the cfr gene encoding a 23S rRNA methyltransferase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008;46:892–896
  3. Ballow CH, Jones RN, Biedenbach DJ. A multicenter evaluation of linezolid antimicrobial activity in North America. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2002;43:75–83
  4. Besier S, Ludwig A, Zander J, Brade V, Wichelhaus TA. Linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: gene dosage effect, stability, fitness costs, and cross-resistances. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008;52:1570–1572
  5. Boak LM, Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic factors influencing emergence of resistance to linezolid in an in vitro model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007;51:1287–1292
  6. Bonilla H, Quinn JP, Siedel J, Schmidt H, Lescoe M, et al. Multi-city outbreak of linezolid resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis associated with clonal spread of a cfr containing strain. ICAAC. 2009;C2–131abstract
  7. Brickner SJ. Oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Curr. Pharmacol. Design. 1996;2:175–194
  8. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI . Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 18th informational supplement (M100-S18). Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2008;
  9. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI . Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard—eight edition, M07-A8. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2009;
  10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI . Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 19th informational supplement, M100-S19. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2009;
  11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI . Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard—tenth edition, M02-A10. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2009;
  12. Diekema DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Lancet. 2001;358:1975–1982
  13. Dobbs TE, Patel M, Waites KB, Moser SA, Stamm AM, Hoesley CJ. Nosocomial spread of Enterococcus faecium resistant to vancomycin and linezolid in a tertiary care medical center. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006;44:3368–3370
  14. Draghi DC, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, Sahm DF. In vitro activity of linezolid against key gram-positive organisms isolated in the United States: Results of the LEADER 2004 surveillance program. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005;49:5024–5032
  15. Draghi DC, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, Sahm DF. Current antimicrobial resistance profiles among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus encountered in the outpatient setting. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2006;55:129–133
  16. Ford CW, Zurenko GE, Barbachyn MR. The discovery of linezolid, the first oxazolidinone antibacterial agent. Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord. 2001;1:181–199
  17. Gales AC, Sader HS, Andrade SS, Lutz L, Machado A, Barth AL. Emergence of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during treatment of pulmonary infection in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2006;27:300–302
  18. Gómez-Gil R, Romero-Gómez MP, García-Arias A, Ubeda MG, Busselo MS, Cisterna R, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection in a tertiary care hospital. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2009;[Epub ahead of print]
  19. Gonzales RD, Schreckenberger PC, Graham MB, Kelkar S, DenBesten K, Quinn JP. Infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid. Lancet. 2001;357:1179
  20. Ippolito JA, Kanyo ZF, Wang D, Franceschi FJ, Moore PB, Steitz TA, et al. Crystal structure of the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid bound to the 50S ribosomal subunit. J. Med. Chem. 2008;51:3353–3356
  21. Jones RN, Ballow CH, Biedenbach DJ. Multi-laboratory assessment of the linezolid spectrum of activity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method: report of the Zyvox Antimicrobial Potency Study (ZAPS) in the United States. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2001;40:59–66
  22. Jones RN, Della-Latta P, Lee LV, Biedenbach DJ. Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from a patient without prior exposure to an oxazolidinone: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2002;42:137–139
  23. Jones RN, Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Ross JE. LEADER surveillance program results for 2006: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from the United States (50 medical centers). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2007;59:309–317
  24. Jones RN, Stilwell MG, Hogan PA, Sheehan DJ. Activity of linezolid tested against uncommonly isolated Gram-positive organisms (3,251 strains): report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007;51:1491–1493
  25. Jones RN, Ross JE, Castanheira M, Mendes RE. United States resistance surveillance results for linezolid (LEADER Program for 2007). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2008;62:416–426
  26. Jones RN, Moet GJ, Sader HS, Mendes RE, Castanheira M. TR-700 in vitro activity against and resistance mutation frequencies among Gram-positive pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Therapy. 2009;63:716–720
  27. Kainer MA, Devasia RA, Jones TF, Simmons BP, Melton K, Chow S, et al. Response to emerging infection leading to outbreak of linezolid-resistant enterococci. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007;13:1024–1030
  28. Kehrenberg C, Schwarz S. Distribution of florfenicol resistance genes fexA and cfr among chloramphenicol-resistant Staphylococcus isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1156–1163
  29. Kehrenberg C, Schwarz S, Jacobsen L, Hansen LH, Vester B. A new mechanism for chloramphenicol, florfenicol and clindamycin resistance: methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA at A2503. Mol. Microbiol. 2005;57:1064–1073
  30. Kehrenberg C, Aarestrup FM, Schwarz S. IS21-558 insertion sequences are involved in the mobility of the multiresistance gene cfr. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007;51:483–487
  31. Kelly S, Collins J, Maguire M, Gowing C, Flanagan M, Donnelly M, et al. An outbreak of colonization with linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in an intensive therapy unit. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2008;61:901–907
  32. Livermore DM, Mushtaq S, Warner M, Woodford N. Activity of oxazolidinone TR-700 against linezolid-susceptible and -resistant enterococci. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2009;63:713–715
  33. Long KS, Poehlsgaard J, Kehrenberg C, Schwarz S, Vester B. The Cfr rRNA methyltransferase confers resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006;50:2500–2505
  34. Marshall SH, Donskey CJ, Hutton-Thomas R, Salata RA, Rice LB. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002;46:3334–3336
  35. McCollum M, Sorensen SV, Liu LZ. A comparison of costs and hospital length of stay associated with intravenous/oral linezolid or intravenous vancomycin treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections caused by suspected or confirmed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in elderly US patients. Clin. Ther. 2007;29:469–477
  36. McKinnon PS, Carter CT, Girase PG, Liu LZ, Carmeli Y. The economic effect of oral linezolid versus intravenous vancomycin in the outpatient setting: the payer perspective. Manag. Care Interface. 2007;20:23–34
  37. Mendes RE, Deshpande LM, Castanheira M, DiPersio J, Saubolle MA, Jones RN. First report of cfr-mediated resistance to linezolid in human staphylococcal clinical isolates recovered in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008;52:2244–2246
  38. Mutnick AH, Enne V, Jones RN. Linezolid resistance since 2001: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Ann. Pharmacother. 2003;37:769–774
  39. Nasraway SA, Shorr AF, Kuter DJ, O'Grady N, Le VH, Cammarata SK. Linezolid does not increase the risk of thrombocytopenia in patients with nosocomial pneumonia: comparative analysis of linezolid and vancomycin use. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003;37:1609–1616
  40. Pai MP, Rodvold KA, Schreckenberger PC, Gonzales RD, Petrolatti JM, Quinn JP. Risk factors associated with the development of infection with linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002;35:1269–1272
  41. Pillar CM, Draghi DC, Sheehan DJ, Sahm DF. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: findings of the stratified analysis of the 2004 to 2005 LEADER Surveillance Programs. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2008;60:221–224
  42. Potoski BA, Adams J, Clarke L, Shutt K, Linden PK, Baxter C, et al. Epidemiological profile of linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006;43:165–171
  43. Prystowsky J, Siddiqui F, Chosay J, Shinabarger DL, Millichap J, Peterson LR, et al. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001;45:2154–2156
  44. Quinn JP, Bonilla H, Huband MD, Siedel J, Schmidt H, Lescoe M, et al. Identification and characterization of a linezolid-resistant, cfr containing Staphylococcus aureus strain during a clonal outbreak of linezolid-R coagulase negative staphylococci. ICAAC. 2009;C2–134abstract
  45. Schwarz S, Werckenthin C, Kehrenberg C. Identification of a plasmid-borne chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance gene in Staphylococcus sciuri. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000;44:2530–2533
  46. Shaw KJ, Poppe S, Schaadt R, Brown-Driver V, Finn J, Pillar CJ, et al. In vitro activity of TR-700, the antibacterial moiety of the prodrug TR-701, against linezolid-resistant strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4442–4447
  47. Shinabarger D. Mechanism of action of the oxazolidinone antibibacterial agents. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs. 1999;8:1195–1202
  48. Shorr AF, Kunkel MJ, Kollef M. Linezolid versus vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: pooled analysis of randomized studies. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005;56:923–929
  49. Spellberg B, Yoo T, Bayer AS. Reversal of linezolid-associated cytopenias, but not peripheral neuropathy, by administration of vitamin B6. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004;54:832–835
  50. Stevens DL, Herr D, Lampiris H, Hunt JL, Batts DH, Hafkin B. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002;34:1481–1490
  51. Toh SM, Xiong L, Arias CA, Villegas MV, Lolans K, Quinn J, et al. Acquisition of a natural resistance gene renders a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the synthetic antibiotic linezolid. Mol. Microbiol. 2007;64:1506–1514
  52. Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten C, Venkataraman L, et al. Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 2001;358:207–208
  53. Weigelt J, Itani K, Stevens D, Lau W, Dryden M, Knirsch C. Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005;49:2260–2266
  54. Wilson P, Andrews JA, Charlesworth R, Walesby R, Singer M, Farrell DJ, et al. Linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003;51:186–188
  55. Wolter N, Smith AM, Farrell DJ, Schaffner W, Moore M, Whitney CG, et al. Novel mechanism of resistance to oxazolidinones, macrolides, and chloramphenicol in ribosomal protein L4 of the pneumococcus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3554–3557
  56. Wunderink RG, Cammarata SK, Oliphant TH, Kollef MH. Continuation of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Clin. Ther. 2003;25:980–992
  57. Wunderink RG, Rello J, Cammarata SK, Croos-Dabrera RV, Kollef MH. Linezolid vs vancomycin: Analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Chest. 2003;124:1789–1797
  58. Zurenko GE, Yagi BH, Schaadt RD, Allison JW, Kilburn JO, Glickman SE, et al. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996;40:839–845
  59. Zyvox Package Insert . Pfizer.. Available at http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/uspi_zyvox.pdf2004;

PII: S0732-8893(09)00421-0

doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.10.011

Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Volume 65, Issue 4 , Pages 392-403 , December 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution